Spring Fishing Opportunities

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Spring is on the way and that means gearing up and planning for one of the most productive times of the year to fish the Great Lakes region.  Fish of nearly every species become easier to catch this time of year.  There are many reasons for this, but a couple of them are major factors.

First, after the cold water environment that they lived in through the winter, the fish’s bodies are depleted of energy and nutrients.  As their metabolism ramps up, so does their appetite. Because food is concentrated this time of year, so are the fish and they tend to be more aggressive due to their hunger. 

Second, spring is the time when many species of fish spawn.  This is true for bass, walleye, steelhead, perch, crappie and bluegill.  Spawning means that there are a lot of fish concentrated in relatively small areas which increases success rate dramatically. 

That said, here are some of the most popular fish to catch in the region during this time.

Steelhead​

Spring fishing often kicks off for many in the region with the pursuit of river steelhead.  Some steelhead are present in rivers throughout the winter, but as the water begins to warm in early spring, loads more run upstream to begin spawning.  Although the streams can get crowded with anglers in some of the more popular locations, with countless miles of streams in the region, there is room for anyone looking for these “silver bullets” to find a place to fish.

Perch

As the ice comes off of the lakes and the water begins to warm, perch also get more aggressive. March through May can be good times to target them as their metabolism ramps up and they begin to gorge on food.  While minnows are always a popular choice for perch, don’t overlook alternatives.  Wigglers (mayfly larvae) are prevelant in the water this time of year and are a favorite of perch! 

Walleye

Probably the biggest attraction to the Great Lakes fishery, the spring walleye runs here are the things of legend.  Walleye begin their spawning rituals when the water temps reach the mid-40’s.  Depending on the year, this can happen as early as mid-March, but April-May is typically when the run hits its peak, depending on location and water temp.

During this time, walleye fisherman from all over the country flock to the Great Lake’s major rivers to get a piece of the action.  On a Saturday trip last spring on the Detroit River, we waited idling in line for over 2 hours at the boat ramps to get off of the water.  There was a line of boats nearly a half-mile long waiting to get trailer their boats after a morning of fishing.  Of course, a weekday trip will reduce the liklihood of a long wait. 

As always, be sure to check your local regulations while planning your trip as many rivers, especially smaller tributaries, are closed to walleye fishing during the spawning season.

Salmon & Brown Trout

Although salmon and brown trout are not spawning during the spring, many of them do move into shallower water to take advantage of the smorgasboard of baitfish that congregate in the warming, nearshore waters of the Great Lakes.  This makes them accessible to both small boat anglers as well as beach and pier fishermen.

Trolling along shallow water beaches is one very productive method, especially when spreading the offerings out with planer boards.  One place to concentrate your efforts would be anywhere that warm water is found.  This could be the mouth of a tribuary or near a power plant discharge.  

For shore fishermen, the pierheads at rivermouths are popular locations. They are often lined with spring anglers casting spoons and/or spawn bags.The beaches around these pierheads are also popular places.

Crappie

In many parts of the country, especially in the south, crappie are the main attraction in the spring.  As they move into the shallows to spawn, they become easy targets for shore fisherman and boat fisherman alike.  They tend to be concentrated, so once you find them, you can usually catch a bunch from that same location.  

Crappie spawn when the water temps rise to the upper 50’s.  For the Great Lakes, this usually doesn’t happen until May or even June.  That said, some of the region’s inland lakes will warm much faster, so you will need to tune into the conditions on each body of water to get the best prediction on when the spawn starts. 

Bluegill

Last, but certainly not least, is spring panfish.  As the water warms in shallow weedy areas of the region, bluegill and other panfish will begin to move into the shallows to take advantage of food.  As insects become active, bluegill will begin to hit the surface.  As the water reaches the 70’s, many will begin making beds for spawning.  While a bobber and worm are the most popular way to catch bluegill, these fish can be even more fun to catch on a fly rod or a fly setup made for a spinning reel.  Popular flies are poppers or rubber spiders.  

Managing Lake Erie Walleye

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In case you didn’t know, Lake Erie walleye fishing is the best in the world.  I may be a bit biased though.  Growing up in southeast Michigan, I had the luxury of fishing the lake from the time that I was a young boy.  Nonetheless, I have never caught walleye with the size & in the numbers that I have on Lake Erie, anywhere else. It has everything a walleye loves: plenty of forage, dark water, and massive tributaries that provide them with some of the most ideal spawning grounds found anywhere on earth.

Walleye are native to the Great Lakes and are found in fishable numbers in all of them.  But a combination of factors has led to immense numbers of them in Lake Erie.  Lake Erie receives considerably more fishing pressure than the other Great Lakes and despite this, it continues to produce many more fish per angler-hour.  And walleye are the top attraction.

But managing Lake Erie walleye is no easy task.  The reputation the lake has developed over the years has resulted in visitors from all over the country flocking to the lake every year to get a piece of this phenomenal fishery.  The industry that the lake supports runs in the hundreds of millions of dollars.  This has led to immense pressure on state and federal agencies whose task it has become to manage the fish in this lake.  And with walleye being the most popular, there is a lot of focus on this key species.

Q & A with Jim Francis of the Michigan DNR

To better understand what goes into the task of managing Lake Erie walleye, The Great Lakes Fisherman caught up with Jim Francis of the Michigan DNR to discuss the coordination with other agencies and some of the factors that they consider and study in the process. 

GLF: What is your name, title, and organization?

Jim Francis,  Lake Erie Basin Coordinator,  Michigan Department of Natural Resources – Fisheries Division

GLF: Which state, provincial and federal agencies are involved of the efforts to manage the Lake Erie walleye population?

The state and provincial agencies have jurisdictional authority over the management of their respective fisheries resources – so for Lake Erie, that includes Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario. But because we are managing a shared resource, we coordinate management through the Lake Erie Committee under the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. But management is broader and includes many state environmental agencies, federal agencies like the US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Geological Survey, Environmental Protection Agency, and finally, university, research partners, and conservation organizations.

GLF: How long has the Lake Erie walleye population been actively managed?

The first inter-jurisdictional fishery quota management program was implemented in 1976. This established a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for walleye from commercial and recreational harvesters in Lake Erie. The goal was to maintain a sustainable walleye fishery.

GLF: If possible, please outline the annual calendar for the walleye management plan (or provide links to similar info).

The TAC’s are announced annually at the annual Lake Erie Committee meeting that takes place at the end March. But there is a huge amount of work that goes into establishing the TAC, prior to the annual meeting. A large amount of data is collected across the lake from spring through fall to evaluate the number of walleye present, age structure of the population, growth rates, reproduction rates, and fishery results. During the winter is when the Walleye Task Group (technical staff from the Lake Erie Committee) processes all the survey and assessment data and use a computer model to generate a range of safe harvest levels to maintain a sustainable fishery. While the purpose of the committee is to look at the total body of survey data, each state makes adjustments based on info from the local surveys that are completed in each jurisdiction, when setting their respective creel limits.

GLF: How often are Lake Erie walleye stocking levels evaluated?

Walleye are not stocked in Lake Erie; it is managed as a self-sustaining fishery.

GLF: If the fishery is self-sustaining,  what “levers” are used to manage the population?

There are 2 primary areas we can impact to help regulate the population.
The first is that we can regulate harvest. As mentioned above, setting the TAC is one of the main tasks of the Lake Erie Committee and by setting appropriate TACs, we can help control the number of mature walleye that are taken out of the population each year.

The second area that we can impact is habitat quality. Most fish in the Great Lakes utilize marshes at one point or another during their lifecycle.  For walleye, the fish rely heavily on marshes during the fry stage of their development. The marshes provide food and shelter from predators until the fish are large enough to survive in the open lake. By maintaining and improving marsh habitat, we can have a direct impact on the survivability of young-of-year (fry that that were born that same year).

GLF: How has the cleanup of lake water pollution over the years impacted the Lake Erie walleye population?

Pollution during the early part of the 1900’s was certainly a contributor to the walleye fishery collapse in the 1960’s. The highly-publicized fire on the Cuyahoga River in 1969 prompted key legislative action in both the US and Canada, including the creation of water quality management agencies, environmental regulations, and the signing of the binational Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. These actions reduced pollutants from industrial, municipal, and agricultural point sources through the regulation of discharges. The resulting improvements in water quality contributed to a recovery of the walleye population.

GLF: How has the introduction of zebra and quagga mussels had an impact on the Lake Erie walleye population?

It is difficult to determine cause and effect of zebra and quagga mussels on the walleye population in Lake Erie. Zebra mussels were first found in the Great Lakes in the late 1980s. While mussels have been known to affect water clarity due to their filtering, it does not appear to be having an impact in Lake Erie. Another potential concern was that mussels would strip the water column of plankton that are especially important to young walleye. But again, there does not seem to be a reduction in the number of young walleye being produced in Lake Erie.

GLF: How has the introduction of the Round Goby had an impact on the Lake Erie walleye population?

There does not appear to be a direct connection between round gobies and walleye in Lake Erie. Gobies are an important part of the diet of some fish, for example smallmouth bass. They are eaten extensively by smallmouth bass and have improved growth rates of bass. Whereas gobies will occasionally be found in walleye stomachs, but they are not an important food item.

GLF: Are there any impacts (positive or negative) that climate change is having on the Lake Erie walleye population?

The jury is still out. All the data seems to indicate that Lake Erie is warming and there is a pattern of less ice cover in the winter. But it is unclear how these changes will affect walleye numbers.

GLF: What is magnitude of the walleye population gradient from the east end of Lake Erie to the west end?

There are a number of walleye stocks from Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron, all the way to the east end of Lake Erie. But walleye migrate and mix throughout the system. There is no question that the stocks in the western basin are the primary drivers of walleye abundance. But after spawning is completed, these fish distribute north up the Detroit River, as well as to the east end of Lake Erie. One study estimated that 90% of the walleye harvested in the East Basin were seasonal migrants from the western basin.

GLF: What are some of the challenges that the agencies will be facing in managing the Lake Erie walleye population over the next decade?

Invasive species continue to be high on the threat list. Although I mentioned earlier that zebra mussels and round gobies do not appear to have affected walleye – there is always the concern that the next one could be a game-changer. Think of bighead and silver carp. And there are examples of other invasive species, that have impacted walleye – like sea lamprey. Sea lamprey devastated native fish species in the Great Lakes, fortunately a control program was developed – but at a cost. A recent estimate is that $10 million is spent annually to control sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. As with any invasive species – the key is prevention.

GLF: Is there anything else you would want anglers to know about the management of the walleye population in Lake Erie?

I think it is important to highlight that today’s walleye fishery is at historic levels. It is not uncommon to have one strong year class carry a fishery for up to a decade. But we have now had five consecutive years of exceptional production, with the 2021-year class being the highest ever recorded. This is unprecedented to have a string of year classes like we have seen from 2018-2022. Targeted harvest rates for walleye in Michigan waters of Lake Erie have been ranging from 0.5-0.6 walleye per hour. These harvest rates are comparable to the mid-1980s during the peak of the walleye fishery.

A Final Word

The Great Lakes Fisherman would like to thank Jim for taking the time to answer our questions and layout all of the work that goes into managing such a massive fishery.

If you see a natural resources worker at the boat ramp or out on the water, please remember to thank them for the work they do.  This work is essential to a quality fishery and is what makes our Great Lakes the best inland fishery in the world.

Finally, if there are other lake management topics that you would like to hear about, please drop us a comment below and let us know about it.  We are always looking to provide you with the content your are interested in hearing about!

Top 5 Lures for Fishing Freshwater

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Who doesn’t have a favorite fishing lure?  We all have that one bait that we make sure we always have in our tackle box on fishing trip.  It is the bait that seems to always catch fish when nothing else will.  For those veteran fisherman out there, we know that almost every lure has its time and place.  Some just have more of them than others.  Nonetheless, there are a handful that are standouts and that can produce in a large variety of situations and locations. These are the lures that have stood the test of time and that do the best at attracting a fish’s attention.  Here we will take a quick look at our top 5 lures for freshwater fishing. 

Before we start, we must clarify that these are artificial lures only.  Anything requiring live bait as a integral part of the presentation is not included. For example, a night crawler harness becomes much less effective without a live crawler.  As a result, it doesn’t qualify for this list.   That said, let’s get into it!  

5. Flies

Fly fishing is a popular sport in the Great Lakes region.  There are hundreds of tributary streams, creeks and ponds that host a variety of species that rely heavily on inspect species that can be fooled by a well-tied (or in some cases, not so well-tied) flies.

In addition to inspect patterns, well-presented crayfish and wetfly patterns will take species such as smallmouth bass in many of these same lakes and streams.  

Trolling flies are a very popular bait when targeting salmon and trout in the open waters of the big lakes.  When fished behind a dodger, these can be one of the most productive presentations for salmon at certain times of the year. 

4. Trolling Spoons

Trolling spoons are probably the most used open water lure in the Great Lakes.  They are used for targeting salmon, trout and walleye but catch a whole host of other fish along the way. 

The fluttery motion of a reflective spoon in the clear Midwest waters mimic all sorts of forage that the bigger game species can’t resist. That same fluttery motion also makes spoons more visible in deeper water, giving them an advantage over many other lures that simply won’t show up in those dark conditions.

3. Spinners

This covers all spinners, including inline spinners such as a Mepp’s for trout or pike, bucktails for muskies or spinner-jig combos like spinner-baits for bass.  

Our personal favorite and one of the most versatile lures out there is the Beetle-Spin.  These are fantastic baits for locating fish, especially on new bodies of water. 

2. Original Floating Rapala

If you know nothing about fishing or are trying a brand new body of water, this is probably your go-to lure. Most people have an original floating Rapala in their tackle box.  It is easy to see why.  The bait imitates your basic bait fish in a whole host of conditions.  The black-white contrast will show up in all but the most turbid of waters and the fluttery action of their movement is enough to drive any fish crazy.  This bait appeals so well to a fish’s predatory instincts that is has been known to catch fish half of it’s size and less.  It is also a great trolling lure for the region’s most popular gamefish, the walleye.  They are particularly productive in low-light conditions when contrast becomes important (for more on this, see our article on Lure Color Selection).

1. Jig

The most versatile and deadly fishing lure to have in the arsenal, in our opinion, is the jig.  This bait can be used to fish all levels of the water column.  They come in nearly every color combination in the rainbow and they can be paired with plastics and retrieved to mimic nearly any variety of forage.  There is almost no fish anywhere that won’t respond to a jig when presented with the right size, color, and retrieval.  While a jig may not seem very special to a novice, an experienced fisherman can attest to their productivity when fished properly.  

Disagree with our list?  Drop a comment below and let us know what your best-producing lure is in freshwater.

Lure Color Selection

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Color selection for fishing lures is a controversial topic. Everyone has an opinion on what a fish wants and why.  But what does science say about the matter? I think we can all agree that color matters, but how do we know which colors work best in any one scenario?  Here we will explore light properties under the water and how that impacts lure color selection.

How Fish See Color

Before we go any further, it is important to note that a fish’s vision is very similar to that of humans.  They have cells that process light in very similar ways to us both during the day and at night. This is important because as we understand how colors change in the water, we will understand how a fish sees it.  One minor difference is that a fish’s visual range is a bit broader than ours, allowing them to detect some ultraviolet light that we can’t see.  But this difference is, for practical purposes, irrelevant.  So for our purposes here, we can assume that fish see things generally the same way as we do. 

Light and Color

Although light is still not fully understood by science,  many of its properties are. Color is one of them.  Each light ray has a property known as frequency and wavelength.  In a sense, these are one and the same as they are inverses of each other.  The higher the wavelength, the lower the frequency and vice versa.  Quite simply, each frequency/wavelength of a light ray that hits your eye is correlated to the color that you see.

When these rays hit the retina at the back of your eyeball, they enter a line of cells called cones.  These cells come in three varieties to detect just 3 colors: red, green and blue.  From there, signals are sent to your brain where your brain process all 3 signals and turns them into the color you “see”.  

Light frequencies span a very large range.  But there is only a small range of these frequencies that is known as visible light and this is the only light we can “see” with our naked eye. The visible range starts at what we see as red light on the lower frequency end and goes up to violet light at the higher frequency end.  Light frequency that is below the red end of our visible range is known as infrared light (meaning “below red”).  Frequency above the violet end of our visible range is known as ultraviolet light (meaning “above violet”).  

Color Changes with Water Depth

Nearly all light in the water column is coming from the surface. During the day, most of that light is coming from the sun which carries all frequencies of visible light.  However, the sun doesn’t deliver these frequencies in equal amounts.  The chart below indicates the relative intensity of the various light wavelengths emitted by the sun that are within the visible range.

From the chart, we can see the the green region of the spectrum has the most intensity. Put quite simply, there is more of this green light entering the water column than any other.  This is important in understanding how things are seen under the water.

But this doesn’t tell the whole story.  The higher the frequency, the more the light will penetrate the water column.   This means that lower frequencies will be absorbed by the water more than higher frequencies.  As a result, almost all of the red light will be absorbed in the top part of the water column.  To the contrary, violet light will penetrate the deepest.

So if we combine the relative intensity of each frequency with the depth at which it can penetrate, we get something that looks like the following diagram.

From this diagram we can see that the combination of intensity and penetrability make bluish-green light the most abundant in deep water.  So how can we use this information to help understand what a lure looks like under the water?

How Lures Reflect Light

Now that we understand how much light of various frequencies is in the water column, let’s discuss how that light interacts with the lures we put down there.  To do this, we need to understand how light is reflected off of objects.  This will tell us how light “looks” coming from the lures. 

Every material absorbs and reflects light differently.  When we perceive an object’s color, it is due to the combination of reflected light frequencies that are hitting our eyes. 

For example, when we see the color red, that means that based on the combination of the light frequencies that are reflected off of the object, our brain is interpreting that as red. This might be because the only light frequency hitting our eye is red light.  But usually it is because the combination of frequencies hitting our eye results in our brain processing them as red.  Either way, we see the object as red.

Impacts on Lure Selection

So now that we understand how light interacts with the water and lures, how can we make use of this information to our advantage?

Suppose you are trolling for salmon in 100′ of water and are marking fish.  As a result, you have your trolling spoons set 50′ down.  Earlier in the spring, you were catching easy limits in shallow water (less than 20′ deep) on orange spoons and you decide to include a healthy number of those colors in your trolling spread. To your surprise, you are not catching anything on those colors.  You have, however, been consistently getting bit on two green spoons that you have down there. What is going on?  How could a color that was so hot in the spring be so cold now?

Referencing the chart above, we can see that red and orange light doesn’t penetrate very deep into the water column.  This means that the orange lures will look significantly different in the deep water than what they looked like in the shallow water back in the spring.  To be fair, any color will look different in deeper water, but the closer the lure colors are to the colors that penetrate that depth, the less change there will be in their appearance.  This also doesn’t mean that fish won’t hit a red or orange lure in deep water.  But it does mean that those lures won’t show up nearly as well as some of the colors in the middle of the spectrum, such as hues of blue and green.

Water Clarity Affect on Color

So now that we have discussed water depth, what about water clarity?  

We all know what happens when we put on a pair of those yellow sunglasses.  It doesn’t just change the intensity of the light, but it changes the colors we see as well. A similar thing happens in stained or turbid water.  The suspended particles in the water absorb and reflect light just like any other material.  Based on what is in the water, certain frequencies of light will be absorbed and others will be reflected.  This causes a change to the perceived color of a lure in the water. This is why certain colors work better in some stained water than they do in clear water and vice versa.  

Really Dark Water

At times we have to fish in water that is extremely dark, where light is almost non-existent.  This could be water that is very deep, or it could be water that is so stained that light is just not penetrating very far.   You might also be fishing at night.  In these cases, the color under the water can be so dim, that the very low signals from the cone cells in the eyeball are being overridden by a different set of cells known as rods.

Unlike cones, rod cells only distinguish between shades of black and white.  Effectively, they signal contrast, or differences between shades. Furthermore,  light entering from the periphery, your peripheral vision, tends to be seen better by these rod cells than light coming from directly in front of you. If you don’t believe it, just step outside on a dark, starry night.  You will notice that there are some stars that are easier to see when you don’t look directly at them.  This is precisely due to the fact that more of that light is being “seen” by the rod cells in your eyes vs the cone cells.

When it comes to lure selection in these cases, think contrast.  Black and whites with sharp contrasts are great choices in these conditions as they will stand out to a fish when not much else will. A lure that rotates or vibrates with the right combination of black and white (or glow in the dark) will effectively look like a strobe light under the water to a fish in these dark conditions.

Good luck out there!  If you enjoyed this article, please let us know by dropping a comment below and consider subscribing to our blog.

Perfect Fish Tacos

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Looking for an alternative to fried, baked or grilled fish?  If you are a fan of tex-mex, give this recipe a try.  Once you do, these fish tacos will become a permanent part of your fish cooking playbook.

Recipe

Serves: 4    Prep Time: 30 min.     Cook Time: 20 min.

Ingredients

The Fish

• 2 lbs. boneless, skinless fish fillets (crappie and walleye are great choices)
• 2 tbsp. olive oil
• 12 – 8″ flour tortillas

The Seasoning

• 2 tbsp chili powder
• 2 tbsp paprika
• 1 tbsp ground coriander
• 1 tbsp garlic powder
• 1 tbsp salt
• 2 tsp cumin
• 1 tsp oregano
• 1 tsp black pepper
• 2 tsp cayenne or red pepper flakes (optional)

The Sauce (Recipe from Natasha’s Kitchen)

• 1/2 cup of sour cream
• 1/3 cup of mayo
• 1 tbsp garlic powder
• 1 tbsp fresh lime juice
• 1 tbsp siracha

The Toppings

• 2 cups of shredded cabbage (white, red or a mixture)
• 2 cup fresh pico de gallo (recipe below)

Pico de Gallo

• 5 Roma tomatoes, diced
• 1/4 cup diced red onion
• 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
• 1/2 large jalapeno pepper, seeds removed
• 1 tbsp fresh lime juice
• salt to taste

Directions

Mix all of the sauce ingredients well.  Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour to allow flavors to blend.

Mix all of the pico de gallo ingredients well.  Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour to allow flavors to blend.

Mix all of the seasoning ingredients well.

Make sure the fillets have been rinsed and dried thoroughly and that all bones and skin have been removed.  Brush the fillets with the olive oil and then coat thoroughly in the seasoning. 

Heat a cast iron skillet (preferred) or non-stick pan until it is very hot.  Sear seasoned fillets for 2-3 minutes on each side, just until fillets are cooked through and the seasoning is dark (be carfeful not to burn).  You may need to cook a little longer with thicker fillets.

Move the fillets to a cutting board to let them rest for 5 minutes.  Once they have rested, chop the fillets into desired size for the tacos.  The more your chop, the more the seasoning flavors will blend with fish.

Warm the tortillas in the microwave for 20-30 seconds.

Build the tacos in the following order:

1. Warm tortilla

2. Layer of fish

3. Layer of shredded cabbage

4. Drizzle of sauce

5. Layer of pico de gallo

Enjoy!

Three Knots Every Fisherman Should Know

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When it comes to fishing knot selection, some are better than others.  There are countless knots out there and each have their advantages and disadvantages.  For fisherman, knots can be difficult depending on the conditions.  Tying a rope is one thing.  But trying to tie a 4 lb flourocarbon leader onto a hook with a eyelet the size of a pinhole is another matter completely.  Furthermore, doing so while bouncing around in a boat can make the task nearly impossible.  While there are plenty of specialty knots to know for specific situations, here are the top three knots that every Great Lakes fisherman should know. 

The Palomar Knot

Best Use: Terminating line at hook/lure

Dexterity Level: Easy 

Strength Level: Strong

Advantages: Terminating line at terminal tackle

Disadvantages: Threading through small lure eyelets; only practical for terminal tackle.

The Palomar knot is, in my opinion, the best fishing knot for tying on terminal tackle.  It’s balance of strength and its ease of use make it the ultimate knot for tying on your lures.  One of its major drawback is that can only be used for tying onto your terminal tackle.  This is because one of the steps in tying the knot involves passing the lure through a loop in the line.  While this is great for hooks, swivels and smaller lures, it can get very cumbersome for tying on a 4 foot long leader, for instance.  It is also very difficult to tie onto very small lures and hooks as the line needs to double up though the eyelet.  Nonetheless, as fisherman, the final knot that attaches to our larger hooks and swivels are some of the most common knots we tie, which is why this is a favorite of many.

The Improved Clinch Knot

Best Use: Terminating lines at small terminal tackle; attaching leader to a swivel that is already on the main line

Dexterity Level: Easy 

Strength Level: Medium

Advantages: Terminating line anywhere; good for smaller tackle

Disadvantages: Not as strong as the palomar; not the best for terminating medium-large tackle.

The improved clinch knot is often the first fishing knot we learn.  Its versatility makes it great for use in many situations.  It is particularly good for tying smaller line to smaller tackle as the line only passes through the eyelet once.  It is also a great knot for adding a new leader into a main with a barrel swivel already on the line.   

The Double-Uni Knot

Best Use: Tying 2 lines together

Dexterity Level: Medium

Strength Level: Strong

Advantages: Relatively easy to tie; strength

Disadvantages: There are arguably some stronger line-to-line knots out there

Every fisherman needs to have one knot in their arsenal for line-to-line terminations.  In my opinion, this is the best all around knot for this purpose.  While no line-to-line knots are easy to tie, especially in a boat, this one is one of the easiest. It is also a very strong knot and should hold up in the toughest situations.  

Understanding Sonar Frequency

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So, you’ve purchased that nice, new, and very expensive sonar unit that will solve all of your fishing problems right?  Now, if only you knew how to use it.  Never fear, The Great Lakes Fisherman is here to help take away the mystery of the modern sonar unit.  Understanding the basic principles behind sonar technology will make you more adept at taking advantage of the full capability of the unit.   In this article, we will focus on better understanding sonar frequency based on what I have learned about the process.  

What is Sonar Frequency?

Frequency is the measure of how often something happens.  In the case of sonar, we are measuring the number of sound waves that travel past a given point per second.  Sound frequency is measured in hertz and 1 hertz  is 1 sound wave per second.  The human ear is capable of hearing sounds in the 20 hertz – 20 kilo-hertz range.  Today’s fish finders use frequencies in the kilo-hertz range (thousands of hertz) to higher frequencies in the mega-hertz range (millions of hertz).  Many of these units use a range of frequencies which make them more versatile.  But in order to take advantage of that versatility, it helps to understand how these different sound frequencies affect different objects (targets) under the water.  

How The Waves Are Generated and Received

Sound waves from your sonar are generated in your transducer.  The word transducer is defined as something that changes electrical energy into physical (mechanical) energy or vice versa.  In the case of your boat’s transducer, it does both by using an electrical switch that either connects the transducer to the transmitting portion of the circuit (electrical to mechanical) or the receiving portion (mechanical to electrical). Let’s discuss these 2 phases in detail.

Transmitting Phase

The process starts by your head unit taking its 12 volts of DC power from your battery and converting it to an AC voltage signal. This AC signal is what is then applied to the transducer via the transducer cable.  The AC voltage creates an alternating electrical force on crystals that are located inside of your transducer.  This pulse causes the crystals to physically vibrate and the frequency of the AC wave determines the frequency of the vibration.  This is literally the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical vibrations (sound waves) and is very similar to what happens inside of an audio speaker.

Like all sound waves, the waves radiate from the crystal in all directions.  So in order to focus them in one direction, the transducer is designed to absorb these waves in directions that are useless (ie, upwards) and keep the useful waves focused in the directions that are useful (downwards).

So now we have pulses (or pings) of sound waves radiating downward from the transducer and penetrating the water column.  Like any sound wave, once these pulses interact with a material that has a different density than that of the water, some of the wave energy will be reflected back.  This is known as an echo.  This is what your transducer turns back into electrical energy in the receiving phase.

Receiving Phase

During the receiving phase of the process, the energy conversion is reversed.  So when the echo wave reaches your transducer, it imparts a vibration on the crystals in the transducer, which in turn creates an electrical pulse in the circuit. This is detected by the main unit and through some fancy signal processing, the unit interprets these pulses and displays them as an object on your screen.   It uses the delayed timing of the wave to determine the depth of the target and analyzes the wave forms to determine other features of the object (density and shape, for instance).  

Low vs. High Frequency Waves

So now that we understand how the unit is interacting with material in the water, how can we use this to our advantage?

Low frequency waves are able to travel farther than high frequency waves.  This is because low frequency waves are less likely to interact with material objects and thus keep more of their energy than do high frequency waves.  In fact, whales use these low frequency signals to communicate across thousands of miles in the ocean.   This makes lower frequency waves on your sonar better suited for detecting deep water targets. Low frequency waves also produce a larger scan cone.  So not only can you detect better in deeper water, but you can also scan over a larger area.

So what is the advantage of high-frequency waves then? With high frequency, you are trading off volume of the water column for detail.  The higher the frequency, the more interaction you’ll get with targets in the water which can be used to produce a more refined image on your unit’s display.  You may have noticed that the newer live-imaging units utilize very high frequencies in the mega-hertz range.  This is because live imaging needs to continuously obtain minute details of a target in order to project its continuous movement on your screen.  But in order to produce these high frequency pulses, these units require a lot more energy.  This is one of the main reasons that these units will drain your battery so fast.

CHIRP Technology

Which frequencies are better to use then?  As with most things in life, the answer is not that simple. And this is precisely why most units today have multiple frequency options.  When choosing between options, we must decide what we are willing to trade off in order to get what we are looking for.  Lucky for us, CHIRP technology helps us with having to choose by giving us a bit of the best of both worlds in a single view. So, what is CHIRP?

CHIRP, or Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse, is a feature designed into many modern units that uses a range of frequencies over a longer pulse to give us a more clear visualization on the screen of what is happening. High CHIRP covers frequencies in the ~150–240 kHz range, while medium CHIRP covers the 80–160kHz range. Because the pulse includes a range of frequencies, it reduces some of the trade-offs by allowing us to see the results of relative high and low frequency interactions at the same time.  Low CHIRP typically covers frequencies that are less than 80 kHz .  This is useful in the deep oceans, but is not much use for inland fishing. For more on how CHIRP works, check out this article by West Marine.

Down-Imaging and Side-Imaging

Down imaging and side imaging have become very popular in the last 10 years.  So how are they different that standard 2d imaging?  Down imaging is quite simply the utilization of high frequency pulses, taken over a very thin cone.  In this way, the unit can put information together in a way that produces a clearer image.  Think of it like this, instead of a single large cone of information with less detail, the unit will get the information by focusing on a smaller chunk of the cone with more energy and then sort of lace them together to form a more detailed image.  Essentially, more of the energy is being focused on a smaller portion of the water column for greater detail.  Side imaging works in the same way, but it directs the sonar pulses out the side of the transducer to produce images to the left and right of the boat.

Sensitivity Setting

The sensitivity setting on your unit has to do with how much of the signal coming from the transducer is displayed on your screen.  The transducer is sending the signals, but the main unit is where the processing occurs.  There is a processing circuit where that translates these signals to an image that makes sense to us humans. The sensitivity setting allows you, the user, to weed out or include weaker echoes should that you may not care about.  This allows you to be able to better focus on the echoes you do care about.  This is something that will likely need to be adjusted for each body of water, because each body of water has different amounts of suspended solids that can cloud your screen, making it difficult to see the targets that you are really interested in.  There are many other settings (surface clutter, TVG, etc.) on your sonar that allow you to manipulate the transducer signal processing, but we will discuss those features in future articles.

Strategies on the Water

So with all of this information on frequency characteristics, how can we apply this to a day of fishing?  Let’s break this down to some things that are very useful for us fishermen.

Locating Targets in Deep Water

While running on plane and looking for fish or structure,  it is useful to utilize a lower frequency pulse or medium CHIRP.   This is because we want to search the largest volume of water.  Remember that low frequency produces the largest cone in the water and therefore “sees” a bigger volume of water than do higher frequency signals.  Once we have found some targets, we can slow down, and as we zero in on them, switch to a higher frequency or high CHIRP setting to get more detail on what we are seeing under the water.

Zeroing In

Once you slow down your boat and start to focus on a smaller area, it may be helpful to switch to a higher frequency or high CHIRP.  This will give you more detail.  If you are seeing fish near the bottom, there may be more detail there than what your screen can show.  This is when you’ll want to use your sonar’s zoom function to blow up that portion of the water column to better visualize what you are seeing.

Now let’s suppose that you have found some structure and you want to see more refined detail around that structure.  If your unit has down-imaging capability, this is the time to use it.  The down-imaging is for ultra-focus and although the beam is very thin, it will produce incredible detail. You may even see individual fish sitting within a brush-pile, or holding very tight to rocks, for instance.  This feature is very important for fishing structure, the bottom in order to best distinguish a structural target from fish.

Finding the Thermocline

A thermocline is a region in the water column where the water temperature changes drastically with depth.  This can often be picked up by your sonar, because a change in water temperature  means there is a corresponding change in water density.  You may need to play around with your sonar’s sensitivity, but the thermocline typically shows up better with your higher frequencies.   The thermocline is usually present on deeper lakes with little to no current during the mid-summer months when the air temps and thus water surface temps are the warmest.  A thermocline is present on most Great Lakes in the summertime.  The thermocline is important because, below it, there is typically not much oxygen and thus not many fish.  However, when the water gets warm in the mid-summer, a lot of fish will concentrate near the thermocline to find the comfortable temperatures while still having oxygen to breathe.

Locating Targets in Shallow Water

But what if you are fishing shallow water and are trying to locate fish & structure?  This is where side imaging is the tool to use.  With side imaging, you will be able to “see” fish and structure well off to the side of your boat, allowing you to find what you are looking for without scaring the fish.  You can then approach your targets as discretely as possible.  Side imaging can locate fish that are stacked up under docks and downed shoreline tree tops.  If tuned in correctly it can also be used to locate spawning grounds for various species.

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